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Solimar Sustainable Tourism Intern Alumni–Where Are They Now?

Written by Eleanor Grubbs on August 30, 2024. Posted in Blog, Uncategorized.

Introduction to Solimar Sustainable Tourism Internships

Since its inception in 2006, Solimar’s sustainable tourism internship program has become a cornerstone for nurturing the next generation of leaders in sustainable tourism. Over nearly 20 years, the program has welcomed talented interns into the program, ranging from undergraduate to Ph.D. students, each semester and summer. Solimar CEO Chris Seek began the program in collaboration with the George Washington Tourism Program, reserving it for students at DC area schools. In 2019, the program switched to hybrid to incorporate students from across the US and worldwide. Seek describes the long-term goal for the internship program as a way to “provide students with a professional development opportunity and introduction to the industry, and to support our mission and projects.” Through the years, these sustainable tourism interns continue to share a deep passion for tourism and travel, with interests spanning various fields such as storytelling, data analysis, tourism development, and environmental preservation.

Solimar’s sustainable tourism internship program is not just an educational experience; it’s a launchpad for future careers in the tourism industry. Our interns have gone on to make significant contributions to tourism development and environmental preservation worldwide. This article highlights the achievements of nine outstanding alumni, showcasing the diverse paths they have taken and the impact they continue to make in the fields of tourism, sustainability, and international development.

City Tourism — Photo by Nan Zhou on Unsplash

Solimar Interns Now Involved in Tourism

The foundation of Solimar International is sustainable tourism. For this reason, Solimar attracts team members and interns who share a passion for travel. For some, this passion may evolve into a long-term career within the tourism sector, while for others, it may take a different path. Nevertheless, it is this shared enthusiasm that has led many Solimar interns to pursue and achieve successful careers in the tourism industry. This section highlights three former interns who have remained in the field of tourism and have undertaken noteworthy and impactful work.

1. Chloe King, Summer 2019 Intern, Director of Stewardship at Solimar International

Chloe King is currently a PhD Researcher at the University of Cambridge, where she works with stakeholders of the Galapagos Islands to help create a more regenerative future for tourism. Chloe is passionate about the intersection of conservation, climate change, and tourism, working to create solutions that value people and nature over profit. Through her work, Chloe investigates the age-old question of the tourism industry: “How do we manage tourism sustainably and equitably?”

Chloe spoke about some of the challenges in weighing the risks and rewards of tourism through her work in the Galapagos: “Tourism can be a hugely risky activity to conduct in areas of high biodiversity. Here in the Galapagos, tourism is bringing a huge increased risk of invasive species, which is the biggest biodiversity challenge on this island. At the same time, tourism has introduced a lot of additional financing and funding opportunities for local communities. It is important to understand that there will always be trade-offs between conservation and development goals… How do you navigate those goals in a transparent and equitable way for large swaths of stakeholders rather than just the ones in power?”

She continues to explain that Destination Management Organizations allow for the collaboration of multiple perspectives between private and public sectors within a community. For example, during her time living in Timor Leste, the government was considering building a casino on the island to boost tourism, but the locals were able to protest the casino through their DMO and block its development. In other words, “tourism in this way is effective in giving people a voice and uniting people around a common cause rather than just letting growth and development happen for the sake of it.”

2. Dominic Gialdini, Fall 2020 Intern, Chief Operating Officer of South Central Tennessee Tourism Association

Dominic Gialdini attained an Erasmus Mundus European Master of Tourism Management, where he specialized in tourism management and sustainable development. With Solimar, he worked on the Armenia and Georgia DMO projects. Dominic currently serves as the Chief Operating Officer of the South Central Tennessee Tourism Association and the Executive Director of the Tennessee Tourism Investment Project.

Dominic examined his work with rural DMOs and considered how this particular lens has influenced his view of tourism development: “My work with rural DMOs has influenced my view on tourism development by allowing me to see the challenges faced by small-scale operations. Rural DMOs often have staffing and budget limitations, and sometimes locals are skeptical or even actively against tourism development…Having established a DMO in a rural Appalachian community, I came to learn quickly that building kudos and trust with locals would be paramount to the success of my project objectives.”

Throughout his time in a rural DMO, Dominic has come to recognize that tourism is a team effort and that tremendous value lies in the opinions and support of the local community: “From my work in 13 counties in south-central Tennessee, I have seen time and time again the hard work that chamber directors, county employees, and DMO directors engage in to make tourism successful. It is important to find allies and support them, especially in contexts where the powers that be create roadblocks and speed bumps for the tourism professionals.”

Dominic also highlighted the importance of recognizing that rural DMOs can serve a different purpose than urban DMOs. “I like to think of larger cities or attractions as the hubs to the spokes that are rural destinations. Large cities like Memphis, Nashville, and Chattanooga serve as anchors that attract diverse demographics of tourists (including international travelers) and bring in large-scale conferences and events. However, many wonderful destinations (e.g., Lynchburg and the Jack Daniel Distillery or historic Bell Buckle) serve as great day trips for those who want to experience a bit of rural life and sample a few activities….”

3. Emilie Ehrman, Fall 2020 Intern, Senior Associate at Skift Advisory

Emilie Ehrman attained a Master of Global Management from the Thunderbird School of Global Management at Arizona State University, which aids her ongoing advocacy for environmentally and socially responsible travel. She currently works as a Senior Associate for Skift Advisory, a market research consulting firm specializing in travel and tourism. When asked about a project incorporating her passion for travel, Emilie gave a recent example of her work with Discover Puerto Rico.

“Discover Puerto Rico had impressive sustainable tourism goals, but they weren’t sure if they had the assets or foundation to claim they were a sustainable destination or to foster a sustainable tourism program, campaign, etc., so they retained Skift Advisory to investigate. For the sustainable tourism audit, my team and I did significant research to identify strong, authentically sustainable assets (accommodations, tour operators, attractions) that already existed on the island. We ranked these initiatives using a Skift Advisory framework designed to look at the asset holistically, including economic, social, and environmental impact (this is all public in a published executive summary). We also examined other destinations, comparable to PR, based on a set of criteria, and determined their sustainable tourism success, including what they were doing right. Finally, we provided a list of themes we were able to identify as qualities of sustainable tourism assets and destinations.”

Emilie enjoyed this project because it incorporated her passion for sustainable tourism, while also creating space to recognize the obstacles that so many destinations face in feeling so behind and not knowing where to begin.

“This project showed that Puerto Rico already had a really incredible assortment of sustainable tourism assets, that protected and regenerated the environment, supported the economy and culture of Puerto Rico, and empowered Puerto Rico to lead sustainable efforts.”

Solimar Interns Now Involved in Sustainability

Sustainable Nature Tourism — Photo by Alex Moliski on Unsplash

For Solimar, sustainability and tourism are inextricably linked. Tourism development cannot occur without holistic consideration of the longevity and success of the local people and their environment. Sustainability is a far-reaching sector, allowing it to assume many different forms and roles. This section highlights three former interns doing notable and unique things within this sphere.

1. Thomas Kalchik, Spring 2022 Intern, Senior Facilities and Sustainability Associate with the US Green Building Council

Thomas Kalchik is a credentialed LEED Green Associate and TRUE Advisor, which he utilizes through sustainable construction projects, facilities management, and operational strategies. He serves as a Senior Facilities and Sustainability Associate with the US Green Building Council. Additionally, Thomas and his partner Charles founded Casa Galú, a boutique nature hotel in Colombia’s Caribbean Sea.

“Casa Galú was constructed with the integrity of our natural surroundings and local community in mind. We wanted to build with minimal impact by not cutting down trees, and adhering to local construction customs by using materials and techniques common to our area. The structures were designed to work with the natural surroundings and not disrupt the ecosystems around us. For example, building around natural features such as a waterfall and river that naturally occurs when we have enough rain not only provides a visually stunning attraction for guests but allows the natural systems on our property to remain intact and healthy.”

Thomas attributed much of his above success to the knowledge he learned through his involvement in various sustainability-minded organizations. “Through my professional experience working with the US Green Building Council, and my up-to-date credentials as a LEED Green Associate and TRUE Advisor (zero waste) I have been able to offer my expertise in green building and operating strategies to the construction, maintenance, and operation of Casa Galú. This, combined with my work with Solimar and other travel and tourism organizations has allowed me to blend my various skills and knowledge relating to sustainable and regenerative tourism practices in order to create meaningful and impactful guest experiences.”

2. Lindsey Johnson, Spring 2023 Intern, Program Coordinator for the Soil & Climate Alliance and Nutrient Density Alliance

Lindsey Johnson draws on her background in climate change and health and wellbeing to promote sustainable food systems and regenerative tourism practices through her role as a Program Coordinator for the Soil & Climate Alliance and Nutrient Density Alliance. Additionally, Lindsey is the founder of Copani, a responsible travel platform focused on agritourism and culinary tourism. As a sustainability tourism intern, she wrote a blog about agritourism, linking her particular tourism interests to the larger whole of sustainability in the industry. Lindsey spoke on what agritourism means to her, and how she would like to see it incorporated into the larger tourism industry.

“I believe that agritourism, at its core, involves any activity that brings people to a site of agricultural production and engages them with it. This could include tours, meals featuring local produce, farm stays, or special events that showcase agricultural practices. Importantly, agritourism often serves as a gateway to less-visited rural destinations, offering unique opportunities for both visitors and local communities.”

Lindsey also mentioned the educational opportunities that agritourism provides, specifically by “showcasing regenerative agriculture and the critical importance of soil health. Through immersive experiences, visitors can gain insights into these crucial aspects of our environmental and health challenges.”

“Agritourism also offers a unique window into local cultures, as food is often at the heart of cultural traditions and social interactions. The simple act of sharing a meal can create profound connections and understanding between visitors and local communities. In this way, agritourism has the potential to regenerate not just the land, but also our connections to each other and the sources of our food. By bringing together elements of education, sustainability, cultural exchange, and personal rejuvenation, agritourism can evolve into a powerful force for positive change in both the tourism industry and agricultural sectors.”

Lastly, Lindsey connects her love for agritourism to her company, Copani. “Our mission is to connect conscious travelers with regenerative farms, vineyards, eco-friendly hotels, sustainable restaurants, and responsible tour experiences. Copani aims to empower people to explore the world in a fun, ethical, and sustainable way.”

3. Gabriella Whittaker, Fall 2021 Intern, Sustainability Manager at Polycore

Gabriella Whittaker completed the sustainable tourism internship in the fall of 2021. She is passionate about the sustainable development of the outdoor industry, where she draws on her love and enjoyment for nature. She works as a Sustainability Manager at PolyCore, promoting sustainable alternatives to environmentally harmful textiles.

Gabriella connected her work in sustainability within the textile industry to the importance of sustainable travel: “I think the biggest connection between textiles and tourism is that both can be done sustainably, but it requires due diligence to understand how you (as a consumer) can make the responsible choice…Learn about where your textile products are coming from, just as you would learn about the tourism destination you are headed to.”

Solimar Interns Now Involved in International Development

Solimar assists specific regions or countries in using tourism as a tool for development. Tourism can aid economies, boost local livelihoods, create valuable cross-cultural connections, and more. However, this development has to take place sustainably and collaboratively for an area to remain successful long-term. Many of our former interns have gone on to hold unique positions within international development, and in this section, three of these successful professionals are highlighted.

1. Hannah McDonnell, Fall 2022 Intern, Economic Desk Officer of the Turkey Unit at the European Commission

Hannah McDonnell holds a Master’s of Politics from University College Dublin. She was a sustainable tourism intern with Solimar in the fall of 2022. Hannah’s interest in politics and international development has culminated in her current position as an Economic Desk Officer of the Turkiye Unit with the European Commission. Hannah described her day-to-day tasks with her job in the European Commission: “My day-to-day in the job varies, depending on the time of year. For instance, I am the permanent secretary of two subcommittees between the Turkish authorities and the Commission which facilitates discussions and updates on topics such as internal market and competition, and economic and monetary policies. I am tasked with the organisation of these subcommittees each year. Furthermore, I am the lead on a portion of the Commission’s assessment of Türkiye’s Economic Reform Programme, which is drafted at the beginning of each year. Another annual exercise I contribute to is Türkiye’s Enlargement Report which assesses the progress the country has made in the last year.”

2. Kathryn Selfe, Summer 2023 Intern, Boren Fellow

Kat Selfe is a 2024 graduate of Colgate University, where she earned an undergraduate degree in Anthropology and Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. She served as a sustainable tourism intern on-site for the Tunisia project in the summer of 2023. Kat’s anthropological research into international development and migration in the Middle East and North African regions led to her recent award of the U.S. Department of Defense’s Boren Fellowship as 1 out of 5 scholars selected to study Arabic in Morocco.Through this fellowship, she will receive $25,000 throughout the 9 month program. Kat provided more details about what her time during her Boren fellowship will look like, as well as her commitments after the 9 months are complete.

Additionally, she connected this opportunity to her internship with Solimar: “For my Boren year, I will be studying Arabic in Meknes, Morocco with the CASA I fellowship. Boren is funded by the Department of Defense and has a focus on national security. The aim of the fellowship is to develop language skills in a critical language. In addition to studying formal Arabic, I will be studying the Moroccan dialect and completing an internship in Morocco. Also as part of my Boren, I will be conducting research on Morocco’s integration approach to undocumented transit migration, focusing especially on the work of NGOs.”

Upon its conclusion, Kat will return to the US to complete a Masters in International Development Studies at George Washington University. After graduating with her Masters degree, Kat will be required to fulfill a year of federal service in a position servicing national security in accordance with the Boren Policy. She intends to work with USAID, an agency she already has gained experience with through Solimar. Kat shares:

“I found myself inspired by the possibilities of development during my Solimar internship. I learned that the US has a lot to offer other countries and their communities and that those beneficiaries are eager and ready to make a difference with this aid. I felt like my world opened up during this internship.” Kat shares the gratitude she has for her internship at Solimar, which educated her on new career opportunities, gave her the confidence to realize her ability to actually do these jobs, and inspired her to take those next steps. “This internship was a key aspect of my applications and has been one of the most influential experiences in my career path.”

3. Zane Hartog, Fall 2021 Intern, Program Analyst at the US Department of Justice

Zane Hartog’s interest in policy research and evaluation led to his current position as a Program Analyst with the US Department of Justice. In this position, Zane works with global partners to combat issues of cybercrime and intellectual property rights enforcement. In his own words: “Our team places Department of Justice attorneys at U.S. Embassies across the world, where they work with foreign partners to build capacity in combating cybercrime and intellectual property rights enforcement. My role has enhanced my view of international development by demonstrating that broad cooperation is essential in dealing with issues that are cross-border or global in nature.”

Hartog shares that the breakthroughs he has seen in this realm of work revolve around the people in it, the breakthroughs come about “by getting the right people together, from one country or from multiple countries, and creating a space for ideas and tactics to be shared openly. Oftentimes, international development implies one developed country providing support, knowledge, or resources directly to a single lesser developed country. While this traditional mechanism does have its merits, greater inclusion, either at a national or semi-national level, has proven to be a more effective approach. By facilitating partnerships and fostering dialogue among diverse stakeholders—including governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and private sector entities—complex global challenges can be addressed more comprehensively.”

You Could Be a Sustainable Tourism Intern Too!

The Solimar sustainable tourism internship provides an amazing professional development opportunity for students who have a passion for sustainability, international development, and, most importantly, travel! Connecting with a diverse group of like-minded students who are scattered around the world and networking opportunities with hundreds of previous Solimar intern alumni makes the 3-month internship a valuable one. Through this internship, you gain exposure to real-world jobs that may incorporate all of your passions into one!

Interested in working with us? Learn more about our virtual internship opportunities here!

History of National Park Management Around the World: What is the Future?

Written by Lucy Longwell on August 16, 2024. Posted in Blog.

What is a National Park?

A national park is defined as any area of land set aside by a government to help preserve the natural environment. National parks can be used for many different things, including recreation and historical and scientific research. National parks fall under the umbrella of the term “protected areas,” which is a broader term encompassing many types of reserved areas such as historical sites, wilderness areas, and more. They do not strictly have to be managed by national governments, and can be managed by regional or local governments as well as NGOs or private entities. There is a vast history of national park management around the world, not just in the US.

The Original National Park: Which One Was First?

Although the National Park movement officially began in the United States in the late 1800s, countries and cultures worldwide had already begun reserving land for many different reasons, such as for religious and recreational purposes. One of the first protected areas on record was the Bogd Khan Uul National Park in Mongolia, established in 1783. The oldest national park in the world title is often misgiven to Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, which was actually the second official national park, established almost exactly a century later in 1872 following President Ulysses S. Grant’s signing of the National Park Protection Act. This act reserved the land from settlement, occupancy, and sale and required the Secretary of the Interior to create rules and regulations for the park’s care, management, and conservation.

How are National Parks Managed in North America?

The world’s oldest national park service is Parks Canada, established in 1911, which today manages the country’s 48 national parks, 172 historic sites, and 3 national marine conservation areas. At around the same time, Americans started rallying for the creation of a national park service because many of the national parks lacked central, coordinated management. They were managed by the Department of the Interior, which had other duties as well, and they could not give their full attention to these parks. The parks lacked proper management, and rules were loosely followed, which led Americans to campaign for a more reinforced service. Eventually, Congress passed the National Park Service Act in 1916, signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. Then, in 1933, an executive order transferred 56 national monuments and military sites from the Forest Service and the War Department to the National Park Service. Today, the National Park Service manages over 400 areas, covering more than 84 million acres across all 50 states.

How are National Parks Managed Internationally?

The National Park Service and the Office of International Affairs protect national parks worldwide, not just in the United States. However, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the main management program for parks internationally. Founded in 1948 and headquartered in Switzerland, the agency was founded to promote conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources. In addition to national park management, the agency also supports scientific research and helps implement national conservation legislation. The IUCN helps to manage and categorize over 6000 national parks globally. On a smaller scale, many countries have their own separate park management programs modeled after the US.

What are the Differences in National Park Management Around the World?

National Park Management in Europe

Many European countries have government agencies that manage national parks. These agencies are responsible for conservation, maintenance, and ensuring sustainable tourism. Some of these agencies include the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the National Parks and Wildlife Service in Ireland. These parks are also managed under specific European legislation and are led by directives like the Habitat Directive and the Birds Directive, which require countries to create and manage protected areas like national parks.

National Park Management in Africa

Some agencies that help manage parks in Africa include the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and South African National Parks (SANParks). Park management in Africa differs greatly from other countries in the sense that much of it is community-organized and supported. Funding mainly comes from NGOs and the private sector. Community members are extremely involved in conservation efforts, as well as park management and maintenance. Additionally, anti-poaching and wildlife protection are hugely important in park management, and rangers are often specialized in these areas to help combat poaching.

National Park Management in Asia

Similarly to Africa, community members in many Asian countries are the backbone of national parks. Much of the park is funded through NGOs, international aid, and tourism, and anti-poaching efforts are also critical due to the high value of wildlife products like rhino horns and elephant ivory.

National Park Management in South America

Park management in South America differs from other areas due to its extreme biodiversity and threatened areas. Home to the Amazon rainforest, management efforts mainly focus on preserving areas like the Amazon and combating deforestation. Some agencies that help contribute to this are the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) in Ecuador and the National Parks Administration (APN) in Argentina. There is also a strong indigenous community involvement in park management, and many parks are located in or near indigenous land. Parks often integrate indigenous cultures and traditions into management and conservation strategies.

How do National Parks Contribute to Conservation?

National parks all around the world serve as biodiversity hotspots. They are home to countless different species of plants and animals and serve as sanctuaries for them to live without threats of human interference. They help to maintain population stability and the genetic diversity of endangered species. Parks also help mitigate climate change – forests such as the Amazon rainforest play a huge role in carbon sequestration. These areas also help promote sustainable tourism, which generates revenue for conservation efforts as well as supports local communities and economic growth.

What are Some Examples?

Now, national parks and all of their unique and beautiful features, as well as how Solimar has revolutionized these areas. Let’s dive into some of the world’s most beautiful national parks and their rich histories.

Liberia: Sapo National Park

Sapo National Park, Credit: Solimar International by Matt Humke

Liberia is home to some of the world’s most pristine and intact natural rainforests and most endangered species, some notable ones being the pygmy hippo, the pangolin, and chimpanzees. Founded in 1983 with the help of the IUCN and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Sapo National Park in Sinoe County was the first national park established in Liberia and it covers nearly 700 square miles of land. It is a biodiversity hotspot, and it has the highest mammal species diversity of any region in the world. Throughout its history, the park has been threatened by illegal logging, hunting, and mining, but it flourishes today and attracts tourists from all around the world.

Solimar has a long history of working with Liberia to help promote sustainability and economic growth. Back in 2022, Solimar had the opportunity to work closely with communities, NGOs, government agencies, and other stakeholders to help define business and development plans for the Forestry Development Authority that are both sustainable and financially feasible. With the revenue gained from the promotion of sustainable tourism, Solimar and these communities have put this money towards protecting and managing environmentally sensitive areas such as Sapo National Park. Currently, the Solimar team is working on helping grow small sustainable businesses all across Liberia, one of them being Sapo Eco Lodge, a beautiful eco-resort located in Sapo National Park.

Sierra Leone: Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Outamba-Kilimi National Park in Sierra Leone, Credit: Solimar International

Outamba-Kilimi National Park is located on Sierra Leone’s northwest border near the Republic of Guinea. The park is divided into two areas: Outamba and Kilimi. In 1974, it was designated a game reserve, but in 1995, it was designated a national park.

The park is also home to some of the most endangered species on the planet, including chimpanzees, monkeys, elephants, warthogs, and more. Visitors can camp for just the day or for longer periods of time.

This year, the Government of Sierra Leone asked Solimar to develop an official Wildlife Tourism Policy. Solimar plans to create a sustainable wildlife policy while also promoting wildlife tourism development to enhance the visitor experience and support local economic growth.

3. Republic of Congo: Conkouati-Douli National Park

Conkouati-Douli National Park, Credit: Solimar International

The Republic of Congo is home to an astounding array of national parks, one of the most famous being Conkouati-Douli National Park, located along the northwestern coast region near Nzambi. The park was established by a presidential decree in 1999. Today, it is managed by the Ministry of Forest Economy and Sustainable Development (MEFDD) and the NGO Noé, a nonprofit conservation organization created in 2001. The park originally covered over 300,000 hectares but was reduced to 144,000 due to a legal provision in 1989.

The park is home to many iconic Congolian faunal species, including elephants, gorillas, buffalos, leopards, chimpanzees, and more. It is also a priority site for the IUCN great ape conservation action plan and a Ramsar site for its importance for migratory and wetland birds.

In 2023, Solimar created an ecotourism management plan for this park to help develop ways to protect and regenerate biodiversity and create sustainable livelihoods and incentives for conservation in communities living near this park. The park faces many threats, such as deforestation, illegal wildlife trade, and climate change, and Solimar’s plan aims to address these issues head-on through secondary research, field visits, and stakeholder consultations. The plan has been fully drafted and is ready for implementation.

4. Mauritius: Blue Bay Marine Park

Blue Bay Marine Park, Credit: Solimar International

The Blue Bay Marine Park in Mauritius is a beautiful marine reserve in the southeast region of the island. It was declared a national park in 1997 and granted marine park status under the Mauritian Fisheries and Marine Resources Act in 2000. Then, in 2008, the park was designated as a “Wetland of International Importance” at the Ramsar Convention. The park is renowned for its vast coral gardens and diverse range of tropical fish species.

The Solimar team has worked with Mauritius in the past, mainly helping to improve management and conservation practices across the entire country, specifically the Balaclava and Blue Bay Marine Parks area. With an increase in tourism over the years as well as the environmental sensitivity of these areas, the parks have seen a drastic increase in environmental degradation. Solimar has concentrated its efforts in a number of different strategies to help reduce degradation, such as by conducting workshops to gather information on environmental threats, conducting field surveys, providing technical training in sustainable tourism management practices, and much more.

5. Ecuador: Machalilla National Park

Machalilla National Park, Credit: Rio Muchacho EcoLodge by Lucy Longwell

Machalilla National Park, located in the province of Manabí along the Pacific Coast, was founded in 1979 by the Ecuadorian Government to protect and preserve the natural wildlife that exists there. It was one of the country’s first protected areas and is now one of 11 national parks all across the country. In 1990, the park was named an internationally important wetland under the Ramsar Convention in Switzerland.

Some notable features of the park include native armadillos, two species of monkeys, and nearly 300 different species of birds. The park also covers regions of the Pacific Ocean and is home to breeding grounds for humpback whales. However, over the years, the park has been threatened by several factors, including poaching and deforestation. In 1991, the Nature Conservancy and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) began contributing funds for conservation as part of the Parks in Peril (PIP) program, with much of these funds going towards supporting parks all across Latin America, Machalilla being one of them. These programs have been relatively successful, and today, the Nature Conservancy continues to work with Ecuador and has helped address many of the countries’ threats, including addressing freshwater pollution by creating the First Water Fund and in recent years has also worked with local communities to help protect mangrove forests, a keystone species in the country.

Back in 2008, Solimar realized the decline in the quality of Ecuador’s natural attractions. Many rural community settlements lie within borders of protected areas, and the country’s natural resources are often misused. Solimar decided to step in and assist with the development of a more sustainable tourism program. The team worked with the Ecuador Sustainable Tourism Alliance (AETS) to spur public-private collaboration and helped maximize tourism’s contribution to natural and cultural conservation. They accomplished this through education and the development of new tourism opportunities. Although this project received many positive results, one of the most notable was the development of a UNEP Green Passport to promote protected areas while also educating travelers on how to travel responsibly.

What Is the Future of National Park Management?

Today, national parks can be found worldwide, covering over 15% of the Earth’s land surface and 7.4% of its oceans. With the climate crisis becoming more and more urgent every day and the challenge of overpopulation, our world’s national parks are at a huge risk. Globally, parks are predicted to have summers that are up to 10 degrees hotter by 2100. Snowy mountaintops will cease to exist, and grasslands will become extremely dry and at high fire risk.

Although these facts are alarming, park management programs all around the world have hastily been working to plan for these climate changes by using new tools and technologies designed by the US Forest Service and NASA satellite data. In addition, the National Park Service is working with the Department of the Interior to expand upon existing partnerships, such as those with other bureaus and non-governmental stakeholders. The NPS has moved forward in developing emission inventories for national parks globally, primarily using renewable energy for maintaining parks, and using climate action planning methods for each individual park to identify key goals that each park aims to accomplish. However, most importantly, increasing communication and building relationships with other national park management agencies across the world will help unite changemakers under a single mission – to combat climate change and protect natural resources.

African tourists exploring their continent

East to West: Why intra-Africa travel should be easier

Written by Sia Kwimbere on June 18, 2024. Posted in Blog.

East Coast versus West Coast: Travel and the Future of Tourism in Africa

If you’re a fellow traveler, you can probably relate to the allure of exploring a new destination. The budding curiosity. The ignited excitement. The anticipation of adventure. The prospect of visiting the West Coast of Africa for work (a region I have never been to) recently rekindled my wanderlust. I was especially thrilled about the chance to visit Liberia.

While not known for tourism, Liberia has all the raw, unbridled potential to become the destination of choice for adventure travelers. However, as I navigated the complexities of booking flights for intra-African travel, my enthusiasm was soon met with a harsh reality.

Any travel lover knows the drill and random assortment of tips and tricks designed to help you find the cheapest flight or best deal to your destination of choice: 1) Remove Cookies, 2) Incognito Mode, 3) Book on Tuesday. The cheapest flight to Liberia was… $1,700. My eyes bugged out at my computer screen. What?! How? The trip duration– 17 hours. The exorbitant prices and lengthy travel durations left me perplexed.

Moreover, after the hassle and expense of booking such a flight, I might still need to contend with the potential hurdles of securing a visa and dealing with flight delays and cancellations. The process left me deflated and prompted a bittersweet reminder: “East and West, Home is best.”

Reflecting on the Past: A Brief Overview of Tourism in Africa

A retrospective glance at Africa’s tourism history reveals a trajectory marked by promise and pitfalls. In the post-colonial era, nations across the continent recognized tourism as a catalyst for growth, investing in infrastructure and promotion. Yet, narratives of Africa as the “Dark Continent” persisted, influencing tourists’ perceptions and travel decisions. To this day, the International Travel Advisory Reports for Africa still influence travelers’ perceptions and decisions, doing little to assuage doubts for cautious travelers.

Western nation embassies create the most popular and referenced travel advisories. While these reports claim objectivity and a lack of “influence from diplomatic, political or commercial considerations,” they perpetuate a narrative of the Global North evaluating and judging the Global South, compared to a mutual collaboration to understand the real threats to travelers.

Most African countries range from a level 2 (Exercise a high degree of caution) to a level 4 (Do not travel). Only six out of 54 countries are deemed safe to ‘exercise normal safety precautions’ while traveling. Despite breathtaking destinations, tourism in Africa often bears the vestiges of colonial exploitation rather than embracing mutual respect for the continent and its people.

Current Realities: Storytelling and Borders that Divide

In recent years, Africa has witnessed a paradigm shift in perception, with a narrative driven by Africans. Technological advancements and enhanced digital connectivity have fueled enthusiasm for African travel, leading to increased tourism arrivals. However, the legacy of colonial-era infrastructure limitations still looms, hindering seamless travel across the continent.

The challenges of intra-Africa travel are multifaceted. Limited point-to-point markets and the absence of robust hub-and-spoke networks impede efficient connectivity. As a result, travel within Africa often remains confined to regional zones, with lengthy flight durations and exorbitant costs across regional zones deterring potential visitors. The lengthy flight durations are no surprise given the sheer size of Africa, 30.37 million sq km (11.7 million sq mi).

However, the costs of cross-regional travel in Africa are shocking. They are often equal to or double the costs of traveling outside the continent. Despite the emergence of African airlines, which one would expect to reduce flight costs, the continent’s share of the global passenger air travel market remains disproportionately low, so the industry cannot benefit from high volume and lower costs.

While initiatives such as the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) and the proposed African passport hold promise for facilitating intra-Africa travel, significant hurdles persist. The practical implementation of these initiatives requires concerted efforts to address logistical, regulatory, and security concerns. Intra-Africa travel hurdles beg the question: what needs to come first – connectivity and passenger transportation improvements or destination development?

Facilitating Sustainable Tourism: A Vehicle for Development

Obstacles like those I encountered while planning cross-regional travel underscore a broader issue plaguing the African continent: inadequate transportation infrastructure and limited connectivity.

Meanwhile, sustainable tourism, with its enormous potential to drive economic development and conservation efforts, hinges on efficient transportation networks. According to a World Bank Report, the tourism sector already accounts for one in every 20 jobs in Africa, with the potential to create millions more over the next decade.

Nevertheless, leveraging sustainable tourism as a vehicle for development needs to be a carefully curated game of systems and incentives. Sustainable tourism development must, therefore, take into account all stakeholders. Tourism boards, DMOs (Destination Management Organizations), and businesses can and should incentivize communities to protect and care for natural and historical attractions.

International tourists on safari in Africa — Source: Voortman, Gerbert. “Brown and Black Jeep Wrangler.” Pexels, https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-and-black-jeep-wrangler-10740862/.

When these attractions generate and diversify income sources for communities, it results in a positive feedback loop of continued conservation. Natural attractions are often found in rural areas that could benefit from economic opportunities.

Additionally, several sectors feed into tourism – agriculture, creatives and handicrafts, and manufacturing.

Therefore, if a country’s tourism sector places great emphasis on developing and sourcing from local supply chains, a boost in tourism can mean greater demand and growth for other closely related sectors.

However, realizing all of tourism’s economic and social benefits is contingent upon addressing the connectivity challenge.

Looking Ahead: The Imperative of Travel Connectivity

Why should we prioritize improving transport connectivity within Africa, and why now?

The answer is two-pronged.

Firstly, the African continent has immense potential as a tourism destination.

Africa’s tourism sector has exhibited robust growth, outpacing global averages and rebounding swiftly from the COVID-19 pandemic. With projections indicating continued expansion in the years to come (about 5.1% growth yearly), the imperative for enhanced connectivity becomes clear.
Africa’s status as the “last tourism frontier” underscores the urgency of investing in transportation infrastructure. From undiscovered gems to pristine natural landscapes, the continent boasts a wealth of attractions awaiting exploration while other regions and continents are fast approaching their saturation points. However, realizing this potential hinges on overcoming the logistical barriers that impede intra-Africa travel.
Improving connectivity within Africa can profoundly impact economic development and environmental conservation. Improved connectivity can bolster conservation efforts and biodiversity preservation by facilitating access to protected areas and virgin forests. This access can support research and sustainable tourism activities, incentivizing communities to preserve their environments. Consequently, enhanced transportation networks can unlock new opportunities for job creation and revenue generation, particularly in rural areas.

Secondly, African people have vast potential as customers in the tourism sector and as the human capital engine powering it.

Africa has a booming youth population, projected to reach 2.4 billion by 2050, all in need of entrepreneurship and employment opportunities, which are abundant either directly or indirectly through the tourism sector
The youth demographic is driving the growth of the adventure tourism market, for which the African continent is well-positioned. Tourism forecasts by UN Tourism “predict the region will receive 77 million arrivals by 2020 (compared with just over 30 million in 2010), 50 million of which will be intra-regional visitors”
With a burgeoning middle-income demographic in the continent eager to explore other countries and cultures, alongside a growing appetite for adventure tourism, the demand for intra-Africa travel is poised to soar, underscoring the significance of investing in transportation infrastructure.

Conclusion: Navigating the Path Forward

In conclusion, the future of tourism in Africa hinges on our ability to overcome the barriers of connectivity and transportation. As we strive to unlock the continent’s vast potential, we must prioritize investments in transport and travel infrastructure and sustainable destination development strategies. By addressing infrastructure gaps, streamlining regulatory frameworks, and fostering cross-regional cooperation, we can pave the way for a thriving tourism sector that benefits all Africans and preserves the continent’s rich natural and cultural heritage. East Coast or West Coast, the journey towards realizing Africa’s tourism potential begins with bridging the gaps that separate us and forging a path towards a more connected and prosperous future.

Africa's connected and prosperous future in tourism — Source: Simon, Balazs. “Photo of an Elephant with a Calf in the Savanna.” Pexels, https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-an-elephant-with-a-calf-in-the-savanna-15994111/.

Kiama, a beautiful destination near Sydney, Australia with a comprehensive storytelling and destination marketing plan.

Storytelling for Sustainable Destinations & Tourism Marketing

Written by Christos Anastasiou on December 1, 2023. Posted in Blog.

In the dynamic landscape of 21st-century tourism, the forces of climate change, social media, and a major post-pandemic travel resurgence are shaping the industry. As such, the significance of storytelling in sustainable destination and tourism marketing has never been greater.

The art of storytelling now stands as a pivotal tool in captivating the hearts and minds of travelers. Every destination harbors a unique narrative, yet not all have mastered the art of narrating it effectively. To craft a compelling marketing campaign for your tourism offerings, one must delve into the profound craft of storytelling marketing.

What is storytelling in sustainable destination and tourism marketing?

At Solimar International, we have elevated storytelling to an art form and a passion. With a global portfolio of projects, we are dedicated to developing, managing, and promoting sustainable tourism destinations.

Our approach transcends conventional content marketing, forging emotional connections that bind audiences to the destination. It involves crafting a narrative that weaves together the destination’s history, culture, and community through engaging anecdotes and stories that resonate with travelers.

A destination rich in compelling stories stands poised to reap the rewards of increased footfall, expenditure, and profitability. The challenge, however, lies in the fact that many Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) excel in content marketing and optimizing the marketing mix. However, they often overlook this deeper connection.

Technical aspects like segmentation and search engine optimization are important, but they work even better when combined with storytelling techniques.

To make a successful tourism content marketing campaign, remember these four essential elements of storytelling skills:

Creation and maintenance of a consistent narrative and brand.
Illumination of knowledge that fosters interest, reliability, and relatability to the destination.
Celebration of distinctiveness and noteworthiness of the destination.
Brand connection from the heart and engagement through emotion.

Creation and maintenance of a consistent narrative and brand.

A place needs a clear brand and identity that stays consistent across all aspects of marketing. Marketing messages should consistently communicate the destination brand through memorable points of discussion, such as personal or collective stories. These stories promote the destination brand on a deeper level, creating greater engagement, reputation, and conversion.

Sustainable tourism marketing strategy example: Blue Mountains

Earlier this year, I went to my favorite destination, the Blue Mountains, near Sydney, Australia. I admired the local community’s work and Blue Mountains Tourism‘s efforts to establish a consistent story and brand for the area. This brand focused on community and ecotourism despite being impacted by devastating bushfires in 2019-2020.

The storytelling narrative of community strength and grassroots sustainability was integral in the positioning of their tourism branding. For example, local groups collaborated to promote tourism and obtained certification from Ecotourism Australia, Australia’s ecotourism accreditation body.

You can sense their strong connection to the area when you talk to locals or visit local businesses in the mountains. Their passion for the Blue Mountains inspired me to join their cause. Indeed, the destination’s brand reflects the love and care for storytelling through mesmerizing natural, sustainable ecotourism experiences in the region.

Wentworth Falls in the pristine Blue Mountains, an Ecotourism certified sustainable tourist destination. The blue mountains has a great tourism storytelling and destination marketing strategy. — Photograph of Wentworth Falls in the pristine Blue Mountains, an Ecotourism certified sustainable tourist destination (Photo Credit: Christos Anastasiou).

Illumination of knowledge that fosters interest, reliability, and relatability to the destination.

Many of the destinations that Solimar International works with are still in the early stages of building their tourism industries. Many of these destinations are still unknown to most individuals, let alone as a candidate for their next adventure.

Education can clear up misconceptions and can inform people of the opportunities that exist that they may not be aware of. For example, many people are probably unaware of the beautiful destinations within Liberia, such as Libassa Ecolodge.

Good storytelling boosts a destination’s reputation, dependability, and interest in its products and services, opening new opportunities. Storytelling also displays how certain tourism experiences and brands are accessible to everyone, not just select groups of people. Hence, they may feel more likely to have a connection to, and thus purchase a holiday to the destination.

Sustainable tourism marketing strategy example: Liberia

Speaking of Liberia, Solimar International’s Liberia Conservation Works project captivates the importance of sharing knowledge in storytelling. The project involves strategic content creation that educates the public on the beautiful places, cuisines, and activities to do in Liberia.

The beautiful Libassa Ecolodge, a sustainable tourism hotspot in Liberia. Solimar International is currently implementing sustainable tourism storytelling in their destination marketing strategy in Liberia. — The beautiful Libassa Ecolodge, a sustainable tourism hotspot in Liberia (Photo Credit: Ministry of Information, Cultural Affairs, and Tourism (MICAT))

The project empowers Liberian communities and individuals to share their stories with the world. This will make people trust Liberia as a tourist spot and know about its interesting places. It builds trust and encourages people to add Liberia to their travel experience list and plan a trip to the country.

Celebration of distinctiveness and noteworthiness of the destination.

How often do you open your social media platforms? Do you often see aesthetically pleasing photographs of picturesque scenery or luxury hotels? Are they posted for engagement and popularity? These photos are crucial in any content or influencer marketing campaign, but on the surface, they are very common.

A good storytelling tourism campaign tells stories that highlight what makes a place special compared to others, to create meaningful written and visual content. It will also highlight the destination’s known highlights and idiosyncrasies. You can read a great example here by Thomas Kalchik, another blogger here at Solimar International.

Kalchik’s skillful storytelling beautifully captures the allure of Capurganá, Colombia, elegantly blending vivid descriptions of its unique biodiversity and stunning scenery with the positive impacts of tourism. This narrative sets Capurganá apart as a distinct ecotourism destination, inviting readers to envision an immersive and transformative vacation experience in this hidden gem.

It’s essential to present information in an exciting way, so the audience doesn’t become overwhelmed with a sea of complex information. While there may be a wealth of incredible information about the destination, the overuse of statistics or complicated facts can bore the audience.

Instead, including some of this information in small portions within a story about the place is better for creating memories. It’s also a good idea to explain the unique stories behind photos in more detail to attract the ideal customers. It also gives photographs and destinations depth and life.

Sustainable tourism marketing strategy example: Australian Tourism Data Warehouse

DMOs can use a variety of tools to assist with showcasing the stories of their destination’s distinctiveness and noteworthiness. With destinations having a large variety of attractions and services, there is no better way of doing this than letting tourism communities and businesses tell their own stories.

In Australia, there is a tool called the Australian Tourism Data Warehouse (ATDW). The ATDW is a platform for user-generated content, which plugs into DMO websites. Local tourism operators use it to create a digital marketing profile.

Illawarra Fly, near Wollongong, Australia, an interactive ecotourism experience that is supported by the ATDW in their marketing campaign for tourism (Photo Credit: Christos Anastasiou).

This profile is then posted on DMO websites across the country, including Tourism Australia and other local or state websites. These profiles allow businesses to highlight their points of difference and what makes them special, curating their own content marketing campaign.

Businesses can prioritize storytelling over more time-consuming marketing and branding tasks, to attract tourists with a captivating and persuasive narrative. It also allows tourism businesses to showcase their accreditations, including their Ecotourism Australia certifications, which display their level of sustainability.

Brand connection from the heart and engagement through emotion.

The key to good storytelling in sustainable destination and tourism marketing is the bond created between the storyteller and the audience through the brand’s story. The deeper the connection, the deeper the desire to travel to the destination. One way to do this is to appeal to the audience’s emotions and generate a desire for visitation. One method is to create a content marketing plan that makes your audience feel happy and unable to ignore.

Destinations can do this effectively through the advertising of local cuisine. Food advertisements in tourism content marketing are powerful and reach many audiences because everyone loves food! Food is also a vehicle for local culture, which too strengthens the connection between the audience and the destination.

There are two main ways to engage an audience: through humor and by discussing the enjoyment of a tourism adventure. Another way is to create empathy and connection with people and communities that would benefit from visiting.

Sustainable tourism marketing strategy example: “Stay close, go further.”

Visit Victoria, the tourism organization of my state in Australia launched a successful tourism campaign called “Stay close, go further.” This campaign effectively utilized emotions and created heartfelt connections with its audience.

This campaign happened after a three-month lockdown in 2020 ended. Victorians were tired of staying home and wanted tourism to resume.

The campaign aimed to encourage people from Victoria to explore regional Victoria. It aimed to support local businesses affected by lockdowns, thus promoting social sustainability.

The Bendigo Tulip festival, an event promoted as part of Visit Victoria’s “stay close, go further” destination. Visit Victoria is the lead of Victoria's Destination Marketing Strategy. — The Bendigo Tulip festival is an event promoted as part of Visit Victoria’s “stay close, go further” destination marketing campaign (Photo Credit: Amelia Gee).

This tourism marketing campaign evoked emotional connection both in generating a desire to travel after an extended period of lockdown, as well as empathy for local businesses that have faced hardship and a desire to help these businesses.

This storytelling campaign was effective as it told the stories of multiple people affected by lockdowns and created a mutually beneficial solution through sustainable tourism. This tourism campaign was very successful and still continues today, promoting local tourism to spread out visitors and lessen environmental effects.

Final Takeaways

In the realm of sustainable tourism marketing, the art of storytelling has become a potent tool for branding strategy and content marketing. Effective tourism marketing transcends mere technical aspects and delves into the craft of storytelling.

Storytelling in sustainable tourism marketing involves creating and maintaining a consistent narrative and brand. Storytelling in sustainable tourism marketing involves creating and maintaining a consistent narrative and brand. This narrative and brand should share knowledge that sparks interest and connection to the destination. It should also celebrate the destination’s uniqueness and build a strong emotional bond with the brand.

Destination marketing case studies from the Blue Mountains and Liberia, and campaigns such as “Stay close, go further” in Victoria, Australia, illustrate the power of storytelling in tourism and strong branding of destinations.

Storytelling is important for successful, sustainable tourism content marketing. It plays a key role in a changing world with climate change, social media, and post-pandemic travel.

Nacula Island in Fiji, a place with a remarkable story that inspires tourism. — Nacula Island, Fiji, a tourism location with remarkable storytelling. (Photo Credit: Christos Anastasiou)

Liked learning about storytelling in sustainable destination and tourism marketing and want to hear more? Take one of our courses to learn more about how to make your destination marketing strategy richer. Visit our Institute for Sustainable Destinations website today.

How Can Tourism Fight Mass Emigration?

Written by Anaïs Prado Cornaro on August 16, 2023. Posted in Blog.

How is Tourism Connected to Mass Emigration? Insight into the Opinions of the People still living in the South of Tunisia

Migration is one of today’s most pressing issues, especially as more and more conflicts arise and the climate crisis worsens. Such events often lead to mass emigration: the process of considerable parts of a population leaving their homelands in search of a better life.

The effects of large-scale immigration into countries are no stranger to media coverage and political discussions. But what people often forget is how such large population movements affect the sending countries and those left behind.

This blog will cover the impacts on one of the origin countries — Tunisia. In addition, the blog will answer the questions of how tourism can help and, more importantly, how the people still living in the southern, mostly abandoned villages, feel about it.

Migration in Animals — Migration is not limited to humans: Animal migrations are a worldwide phenomenon. (Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya)

Why do people emigrate?

Migration is a significant part of our history: humans have been on the move since their existence. Back then, migration was a means to take advantage of new and rivalless lands offering basic human needs. The more time progressed, war and colonialism became more central drivers of migration. Ancient expansions like the ones of the Greek Dynasty, the Roman Empire, Imperial China, or, more recently, the Europeans leaving for the “New World“ led many people to leave their region of birth. Other conflicts like the Jewish Diaspora, the partition of India, the Transatlantic Slave Trade, and the Second World War events are just the tip of the iceberg. The past has even seen climate-related migration – Roman settlements in Egypt had to flee due to the absence of monsoon rains.

The latest IOM Report estimates there were around 281 million international migrants in 2020. While that number also includes migration out of necessity – forcibly displaced people – the significantly larger part leave voluntarily. So why exactly do so many people feel the need to take on such journeys out of choice?

The IOM has defined six factors that drive people to migrate.

Labour
Family
Inequality and uneven development
Education
Armed conflicts, violence, and human rights
Environment and climate change

What are the economic Effects of Mass Emigration on the Sending Country?

The effects of mass emigration on the sending countries can be boiled down to three main exchange factors. These can have both negative and positive economic impacts on the country of origin.

1. Workforce Flow

The migration of workers in search of employment results in a decrease in the labor pool in the origin country. This can relieve unemployment, lower job competition, and raise salaries for remaining workers. However, when such migrations surpass the necessary amount, it can result in workforce shortages with detrimental effects on the economy.

2. Brain circulation

Brain circulation is the movement of skilled laborers, for instance, doctors. In developing countries like Haiti, the out-migration of skilled labor (brain drain) can be a huge loss, especially concerning the health and education sector.

3. Remittances

Emigrated workers often send home money to their families, giving them vital support and contributing to the home country’s economy. Remittances can add up to a significant amount and reduce poverty, encourage consumption and increase a household’s investment in education.

All of this doesn’t sound too bad. However, reducing the workforce, especially skilled laborers, will slow a country’s productivity in the long term, resulting in a further downward spiral of its economy and the living standard of those remaining. An article published by the OECD stated that “In the long term, emigration can even turn into a poverty trap: because emigration helps relieve the pressure on the labor market and remittances constitute a social safety net, governments may not see the need to reform labor markets and social welfare systems.”

So, the advantages can, in the long run, outweigh the initial gains and hinder the country from developing policies and containing the human capital needed to sustain itself.

What Effect does Emigration have on those left behind?

Imagine nearly every person you know wishes to move away. Imagine some of your friends or family died while chasing hope. Unfortunately, that is the reality for many people in developing countries around the world.

Most of the time, migrants are sole voyagers, leaving behind families, friends, wives, and children. It is often too expensive and nearly impossible, due to immigration restrictions, to bring entire families overseas. So many of them resort to separation from their loved ones to send home remittances.

The stress of not knowing whether they will survive such journeys, as migrants often take on illegal and dangerous ways to reach their destination, makes the situation even more dire. Tunisia’s closest foreign landmass is Italy. The Central Mediterranean Migration Route connects the two countries. According to the IOM, it is the world’s deadliest migratory route. Since 2014, the route supposedly took the lives of 25,331 migrants.

The image of this woman in the ocean represents the powerlessness many family members of migrants feel. — Many feel left alone and powerless when all of their loved ones live overseas.

Mass-Emigration in Tunisia

Tunisia is a migration hub: Tunisians account for the high number of departures, and the country is a highly used transit state for Sub-Saharan Africans.

How has history shaped Tunisia’s Emigration?

Since Tunisia gained independence, Tunisians have been emigrating to European countries. In the 60s and the 70s, Tunisians left their homelands for a better life on the other side of the Mediterranean. Mostly they settled in France, their former colonial power. The 80s and especially the 90s saw the first big surge in departures. However, in the aftermath of the 2011 revolution, numbers peaked at a never before seen high.

The Global Initiatives Research Report, Losing Hope, states that irregular migrant departures are at the highest point since the peak in 2011. According to the Migration Data Portal, as of 2020, Tunisia had a total of 902,000 emigrants. And Diaspora for Development states that 6.9% of Tunisians live abroad.

Who are the Tunisians that emigrate, and why?

So, why do so many Tunisians feel the need to take on these harrowing journeys? To answer that question, we need to know who the emigrants are and what problems they face.

In the Global Initiative’s Report, they found that the migrant profile has changed in the recent past. It used to be overwhelmingly males aged 18 to 35 with minimal education and mainly from the lower class. Now you see more and more women and children joining, sometimes even whole families. Even the economic state of migration has changed. For some, high education and employment are no longer reasons to stay.

Since the 2011 Arab Spring, Tunisia has experienced social and economic difficulties driving people to leave. The financial situation has drastically declined since 2017. Meanwhile, Inflation is affecting the poorest, and the quality of life has significantly deteriorated for the middle class. In addition to losing their buying power, Tunisians have to deal with high unemployment rates, especially with the youth and individuals with advanced education. Furthermore, a significant part of the population lost faith in the government to stabilize the issues at hand.

The Covid-19 Pandemic has only fueled the fire. A great part of the Tunisian economy comprises the tourism sector. Moreover, like many countries, Tunisia had to endure the troubles of global health restrictions leading to further unemployment and hopelessness.

Tunisian women walking down a street Djerbahood dedicated to the extreme emigration in the country. — Two Tunisian women walking through an alley in “Djerbahood”, a street art project in the South of Tunisia, dedicated to the extreme emigration in the country. (Erriadh, Tunisia)

What is the Situation like in the South of Tunisia?

Not only is Tunisia experiencing emigration out of the country but in Tunisia’s southern areas, particularly Dahar, the villages have suffered great losses from rural depopulation. The region in the Djebel Dahar mountain range was a refuge for the ancient Amazigh tribes, sheltering from the Arab Invasion. There they were able to live their unique way of life — mastering the art of living in these harsh but beautiful lands. The traditions they developed live on to this day thanks to strong individual efforts to preserve these ancient ways.

However, in the age of Bourguiba, there was a drive for modernization and Arabization. Starting in the 60s, the majority of the Amazigh mountain people had to relocate to the “new” villages, leaving many of the historic mountain towns to crumble away.

Today the region is not only suffering from unemployment but is simultaneously experiencing a devastating drought, driving even higher numbers of people to leave. As a result, only a handful of authentic Amazighian old towns are left, where families are fighting to live their old way of life. Amongst them are Chenini, Toujane, and Matmata.

Illustrates the beauty of the Amazigh villages that are being emigrated from — View from one of the last inhabited Amazigh villages, Chenini, Tunisia.

How can tourism help?

Tourism is one of the world’s biggest industries: it contributes a tenth to the global GDP and creates 1 in 10 jobs worldwide. So harnessing this immense power and using it for the good should be an overall goal. According to the UNWTO, tourism is a recognized pillar of most Sustainable Development Goals.

The UNWTO believes that “tourism can be harnessed as a significant force for the alleviation of poverty, as well as for environmental protection, giving economic value to cultural heritage, creating employment and generating foreign exchange earnings.”

According to the IOM, most migration moves from underdeveloped and developing countries to larger economies. Desperation drives people to escape poverty, dire employment perspectives, and political and social instability. The UNWTO claims that three-quarters of people in extreme poverty live in rural areas and that tourism has the advantage of reaching locations far from economic centers. Thus, tourism is one of the few industries that can provide profit for people struggling directly in the places they live, supporting the local communities.

So authorizing organizations like Solimar International, who are dedicated to a sustainable approach to tourism, namely sustainable tourism for development, can directly work towards eliminating these emigration drivers.

Three reasons tourism can foster development and reduce out-migration

1. Create new job opportunities

Tourism not only requires the direct employment of workforces in the hospitality sector but also allows locals to either indirectly or directly sell their goods and produce to tourists.

2. Foster development

Especially in rural, underdeveloped, and disadvantaged areas, the introduction of tourism depends on developing basic infrastructure. Such investment will simultaneously benefit the local communities. (roads, water supply, electricity, network connectivity, and so on).

3. Provide a chance for further education and development of skills

An increase in tourist activity can encourage individual education and incentivize state-financed training.

Tourism can directly counteract at least three major migration drivers: Labour, inequality and uneven development, and education. Furthermore, several other benefits from tourism can positively affect the local communities.

A healthy exchange of culture can lead to increased awareness, the adoption of new knowledge like languages, and even the empowerment of neglected groups.
It can lead to crucial individual acknowledgments of the community’s assets. By noticing the incoming interests, it may lead to locals appreciating their own wealth and culture.
It can promote inclusiveness, further gender equality, and empower youth and women. According to the UNWTO, in Africa, women make up 69% of the tourism labor force.

South Tunisia’s Relation to Tourism

Tunisia is well-known for its tourism, a popular Mediterranean destination for many Europeans. However, Tunisia’s tourism mainly concentrates on the coastlines, and tourists rarely venture land inwards.

In the Regional Development Planning of the Southern Region in the Republic of Tunisia Project, the report states that Tunisia’s tourism development must consider how to minimize “regional disparities between coastal and inland areas. Moreover, now, tourism shall consider how to involve local communities. In this context, the GoT (Government of Tunisia) is trying to exploit the new tourism products, especially ecotourism supported by international donors.”

Tourism won’t help fix Dahar’s drought or create job opportunities for everyone in need of them. However, it can create perspectives for specific individuals and their families. Even more so, small communities, like the ones in Dahar, are often very tight-knit and share profits.

The Perspective of Dahar’s Residents

It is critical to listen to what the local people think about this important and extremely sensitive issue. Following are some interviews with local Amazighian people living in the South of Tunisia, specifically the Dahar region. Some of them work in the tourism sector, whereas some do not. They voiced their opinions on the issues they face, their attitude toward tourism, and their aspirations.

Residents of a town many people have emigrated from. — Ismail & Ibrahim, two men in their early 30s, take their herd to the surrounding mountains to let them feed and graze naturally on a day without work. They are some of the only people still living in the old town of Chenini. They live in the traditional Troglodyte homes below the Ksar with their family. It is hard for them to find work, especially as they have no connection to the tourism industry. When they can find work, they usually do construction labor.

Wael: Wael is a young man living in the town of Zmerten in the Governorate of Gabés. He works in the town’s café, which rarely sees tourists.

“Firstly, each region has its own customs and traditions. Here, in Zumraten, 76% of the inhabitants are now displaced. Most of them are young people. The elderly do not want tourism. I understand that this offends their customs and traditions. On the contrary, young people are very open to all cultures and want a good education and a better standard of education and living. But every youth is ruled by an elder, his father or mother… I am conscious that harmony, tourism, and cultural exchange are very important, but despair has settled. In all their thoughts, young men want to get married, do business, and do commerce, but our geographical location has become the biggest obstacle for us because we have no workplace, and even agriculture has become seasonal. And after many years, you are threatened with displacement because work has become non-existent.”

Amal: Amal is a 27-year-old woman, born in the small town of Oued El Khil, Tataouine. She studied in Sfax for a few years but returned to her hometown for an internship with the newly emerged Destination Management Organization, FTADD. Since then, Amal has dedicated as much time as possible to the region’s future by using tourism as a tool for development. She is a hard-working and emancipated woman but feels a deep connection to her ancestral traditions and the Amazighian way of life, which she is dearly trying to protect.

“Well, we have several issues, but mainly employment and the expensive prices in Tunisia are the main issues. Education is another problem because those who have left mainly have a high education level. This country didn’t give them enough opportunities, so they left. Everyone is affected, Tunisia is losing thousands of young people, and the economy is suffering.”

“I can’t tell the exact number of how many have left, but you can see it in our villages. Most of our villages are abandoned due to emigration. This year we had thousands of young people leave the South, precisely Tataouine, to European countries like Italy and France. Many of these thousands sank in the sea, which is heartbreaking.“

“It is not a very good feeling. I don’t want to judge those who left, because losing hope can let people do more. But I always had this thought that you are a stranger unless you are home. Big cities may give more opportunities, but nothing feels like home.“

“I think tourism can really help, and we already have enough examples in Dahar about how tourism helped change people’s lives. It is more than creating job opportunities; it makes them believe in what they have — seeing it as something that can attract people.”

“And as well, we noticed a difference in the female situation. We are having more female entrepreneurs, which is amazing in a domain dominated by men.”

“Tunisia has a lot to offer; hopefully people will see Tunisia as more than an all-inclusive package. I want people to visit Dahar and share their opinions about it. We are an emerging destination and are trying to succeed to highlight our unique heritage. Hopefully, more people will come to see my people, our heritage, stories, and history. We have a lot to offer.”

Aloui: Aloui is 22 and lives in the old village of Chenini, Tataouine. He was born there and has lived there his entire life. Now he works in the town’s only café and tries to earn additional money by giving tourists a tour of the town and explaining its history and how it lives on today.

“I don’t know many people; I don’t have many friends, I am good. There are those who left and haven’t returned, and there are those who left and returned to Chenini. Yes, life is hard here. It isn’t a walk in the park; there is no work, so people leave the country.”

“Here in Tunisia, there is no good education. The biggest problem in Chenini is the lack of tourism. All the inhabitants of Chenini love tourism. Tourism is a pleasure and a comfort. I prefer to stay here, as long as tourism comes to us, to Chenini.”

Although tourism won‘t fix all of Tunisia‘s problems and provide perspectives for the entire population, it can relieve communities and some individuals. So when choosing your next destination, you can always think about more than just your own benefit — and while enjoying your holiday, even help the local communities.

WE DEVELOP, MANAGE, AND MARKET SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DESTINATIONS

Tag: tourism